Bias network for high efficiency RF linear power amplifier

ABSTRACT

A bias network uses resistive biasing, active biasing and current mirror biasing in combination to enhance RF power amplifier linearity and efficiency by forming a bias network that provides temperature compensation, minimizes current drain requirements for the Vbias source and reduces the level of RF linear amplifier quiescent current.

This application is a Divisional Application of Ser. No. 09/467,415,filed Dec. 20, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,313,705.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

(1) Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to radio frequency (RF) linearpower amplifier bias networks and, more particularly, to a bias networkfor minimizing distortion products normally associated with bipolartransistor based RF power amplifiers.

(2) Description of the Prior Art

An important goal associated with design of bipolar transistor basedlinear amplifiers includes minimizing the introduction of distortionproducts. It is known that load impedance can be optimized for minimumdistortion. Optimization of just the load impedance, however, is oftenundesirable since the output power and efficiency generally are reduced.It is also known that any bias network must supply the correct amount ofbipolar transistor base current to prevent or minimize distortion. Twotrends associated with bipolar transistor base current must bereconciled to produce a linear amplifier with minimum amplitudemodulation (AM) distortion, e.g. AM-to-AM. For example, the bias currentrequired by a bipolar transistor in class B operation increases as thesquare root of the power. Further, the base current, and thus thecollector current increases exponentially with increasing base-emittervoltage. Any reduction in distortion products will allow a linearamplifier to be operated closer to saturation, thereby improving theefficiency.

When a linear amplifier bias point is chosen very close to a class Bmode, efficiency can be improved. This condition, however, places aheavy demand on the associated bias network to supply a large range ofbias currents as the linear amplifier power requirements vary. Twoapproaches have been used in the art to provide the requisite biasnetwork. First, a resistive bias network has been used where the basecurrent is supplied through a bias resistor. Second, an active biasnetwork has been used where an emitter follower transistor is used toprovide a low impedance bias supply. The resistive bias approachprovides limited bias current control over power. For example, if theresistor is small, temperature variations will cause unacceptablefluctuations in the quiescent current unless the bias network supplyvoltage also changes with temperature. If the resistor is large, thelinear amplifier will be have insufficient bias current at high drivelevels or have a large quiescent bias current which is undesirable. Theactive bias network allows an RF device to draw varying amounts of biascurrent depending upon the RF drive while maintaining a low quiescentlevel. The foregoing bias networks, therefore, can affect the linearityof an RF amplifier.

As stated above, one measure of linearity is AM-to-AM distortion due toRF amplifier gain changes that occur as the RF amplifier power levelchanges. The gain of an amplifier with resistive biasing will decreaseas the power increases since the bias resistor will not pass theincreased base current. Amplifiers with active biasing, however, willexhibit gain expansion since the effective bias current will increase ata larger rate than that required as the power is increased. Thiscondition occurs because the average impedance looking back into theemitter of the bias current supply transistor decreases as the currentincreases.

In view of the above, a temperature compensated amplifier quiescentcurrent is desirable since it helps maintain linearity and efficiencyover the desired operating range of the amplifier. One technique thathas been used to produce temperature compensation at a specific biasvoltage includes a combination of resistive biasing and active biasingreferred to in the art as “buffered passive bias.” The buffered passivebias scheme reduces the current that must be supplied by the biasnetwork voltage source. Another technique that has often been used toproduce temperature compensation includes a current mirror bias network.The current mirror bias network provides bias current control over awide temperature range, but requires higher levels of current from thebias network voltage source. In one case, thermal variations in theamplifier output transistor quiescent current, when using a currentmirror bias network, track current changes through a collector biasresistor as the base-emitter voltage associated with the current mirrortransistor and amplifier transistor change over temperature. If the biasnetwork voltage is large compared to the base-emitter voltages, then thequiescent current will not change much over temperature.

The above techniques, familiar to those skilled in the art of linearamplifiers, affect the AM-to-AM linearity performance of the amplifier.As known in the art, amplifier performance limitations are affected byimpedance variations seen looking back into the bias and RF matchingnetworks. In one known embodiment, the amplifier output transistorcollector current varies exponentially with its base-emitter voltage, asstated above. Therefore, a large RF impedance at the amplifier outputtransistor base is desirable for linearity since it will behave morelike a constant current source. Use of a large RF impedance, however, isnot desirable to achieve optimum energy transfer. One known techniquethat addresses the foregoing problems includes setting the value of aninput RF coupling capacitor to the requisite value to achieve desired RFperformance with the understanding that a higher impedance (smallercapacitor value) will achieve better linearity.

In class B operation, one requirement placed upon the associated biasnetwork includes metering charge into an input RF coupling capacitor onthe negative portion of the RF cycle at a rate that increases as thesquare root of the RF power. This charge is then pumped into theamplifier transistor base during the positive portion of the RF cycle.As stated above, a factor in controlling amplifier linearity is theimpedance of the bias network. Other than the resistive bias technique,known biasing techniques discussed above generally have impedances thatare too low. This characteristic generally tends to supply charge(current) to the input RF coupling capacitor discussed above at a higherrate than needed as the power increases and thus produces unwanted gainexpansion. While the linearity performance of a resistive bias amplifiercan be optimal, such techniques generally require excessive bias currentfrom the bias network voltage source.

Thus, there remains a need for a new and improved bias network suitablefor use with bipolar transistor power amplifiers and that effectivelyminimizes distortion products to achieve optimum linearity whilesubstantially preserving efficiency.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to a bias network configured tocontrol AM-to-AM performance for a bipolar linear amplifier. Oneembodiment comprises a modified buffered passive bias network incombination with a modified current mirror bias network. The modifiedbuffered passive bias network provides temperature compensation andminimizes current drain requirements associated with the bias networkvoltage source. The modified current mirror aids in the temperaturecompensation and in reducing the level of bipolar linear amplifierquiescent current. The impedance of the modified buffered passive biasnetwork is adjusted through a conventional bias resistor in combinationwith an impedance adjusting resistor added to the emitter of the activebias transistor. The impedance of the modified current mirror biasnetwork is adjusted substantially via a resistor added to the base ofthe current mirror bias transistor and also to a lesser extent via aresistor added to the collector of the current mirror bias transistor.

Another embodiment comprises a modified buffered passive bias network asdescribed above in combination with a modified current mirror biasnetwork in which an inductor is added to the emitter of the currentmirror bias transistor.

Yet another embodiment comprises a modified buffered passive biasnetwork as described above in combination with a modified current mirrorbias network as also described above in which the bias network voltagesource is provided via a voltage drop across a plurality of diodes.

Still another embodiment comprises a modified buffered passive biasnetwork as described above in combination with a modified current mirrorbias network as also described above in which the bias network voltagesource is provided via a voltage drop across a plurality of diodeconnected transistors (base/collector connected) to provide atemperature variable reference voltage.

Another embodiment comprises a modified buffered passive bias network asdescribed above in combination with a modified current mirror biasnetwork as also described above in which the bias network voltage sourceis provided via a voltage drop across at least one diode connectedtransistor in combination with one or more resistors to provide atemperature variable reference voltage.

Another embodiment comprises a modified buffered passive bias network asdescribed above in which the bias network voltage source is provided bya diode reference network as also described above.

Accordingly, one feature of the present invention includes provision ofa current bias network configured to minimize introduction of distortionproducts associated with a bipolar linear amplifier.

Another feature of the present invention includes provision of a currentbias network configured to allow a bipolar linear amplifier to beoperated very close to saturation to improve amplifier efficiency.

Still another feature of the present invention includes provision of abipolar linear amplifier current bias network configured to providetemperature compensation and minimize current drain requirementsassociated with the current bias network.

Yet another feature of the present invention includes provision of abipolar linear amplifier current bias network configured to providetemperature compensation and reduce the level of quiescent current drainrequirements associated with the bipolar linear amplifier.

Still another feature of the present invention includes provision of acurrent bias network that can be combined with a bipolar linearamplifier to produce a linear amplifier with minimum AM-to-AMdistortion.

These and other features of the present invention will become apparentto those skilled in the art after a reading of the following descriptionof the preferred embodiment when considered with the drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a resistive bias networkknown in the art.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating an active bias network knownin the art.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating a buffered passive biasnetwork known in the art.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating a current mirror bias networkknown in the art.

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram illustrating a modified active biasnetwork according to one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating a modified buffered passivebias network according to one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating a modified current mirrorbias network according to one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating another modified currentmirror bias network according to one embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram illustrating a current bias networkaccording to one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram illustrating a current bias networkaccording to another embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram illustrating another bias network knownin the art.

FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram illustrating another modified currentbias network according to one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram illustrating a current bias networkaccording to anther embodiment of the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

In the following descriptions, like reference characters designate likeor corresponding parts throughout the several views. Referring now tothe drawings in general and FIG. 1 in particular, it will be understoodthat the illustrations are for the purpose of describing a preferredembodiment of the invention and are not intended to limit the inventionthereto. As shown in FIG. 1, a schematic diagram illustrates a resistivebias circuit 100 known in the art. The base current to a transistoramplifier 102 is supplied through a bias resistor 104. This biasingapproach provides limited bias current control over power. For example,if the bias resistor 104 is small, temperature variations can causeunacceptable fluctuations in the quiescent current associated with thetransistor amplifier 102 unless the bias voltage Vbias 106 changes withtemperature. If the bias resistor 104 is large, the transistor amplifier102 will be bias starved at high drive levels or otherwise have anundesirably large quiescent bias current.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating an active bias circuit 200known in the art. The active bias circuit 200 is an improvement over theresistive bias circuit 100 shown in FIG. 1 since the active bias circuit200 allows the associated transistor amplifier 102 to draw varyingamounts of bias current depending upon the radio frequency (RF) drivelevel while still maintaining a low quiescent current level. Theresistive bias circuit 100 and the active bias circuit 200 both affectthe transistor amplifier 102 linearity, e.g., AM-to-AM distortion, dueto transistor gain changes with changes in power level. For example,amplifier gain with resistive bias will decrease as the power levelincreases since the resistor 104 will not pass the increased basecurrent as stated above. Amplifiers having active biasing will exhibitgain expansion with increasing power levels. This is because theeffective bias current will increase at a larger rate than required dueto decreasing average impedance (variable impedance) associated with thebias current supply transistor 202 as the current increases.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating a buffered passive biascircuit 300 known in the art. As stated above, temperature compensationin the transistor amplifier 102 quiescent current is desirable since ithelps maintain linearity and efficiency over the operating range of theamplifier 102. The buffered passive bias circuit 300 combines aresistive bias circuit 100 with an active bias circuit 200 to produceimproved temperature compensation at a specific bias voltage. A featureof this active bias circuit 300 includes a reduction in current thatmust be supplied by the active bias circuit voltage source Vbias 302.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating a current mirror bias circuit400 known in the art. The current mirror bias circuit 400 providesexcellent bias current control over a wide temperature range at theexpense of increased current requirements for the current mirror biascircuit voltage source Vbias 402. In operation, the current mirror biastransistor 404 quiescent current tracks the transistor amplifier 102quiescent current because of the common base-emitter voltage. If thevoltage drop across R1 is large compared to the thermal variation in thebase-emitter voltage (V_(BE)), the quiescent bias current will remainrelatively unchanged over temperature.

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram illustrating a modified active biascircuit 500 according to one embodiment of the present invention. Asstated above, a factor in controlling the amplifier linearity is theimpedance of the bias network. The bias circuits illustrated in FIGS.2-4 have impedances that are too low for use in linear amplifierapplications. For example, a low impedance will tend to supply charge(current) to capacitor C1 as the power increases, thereby producing gainexpansion. The bias circuit illustrated in FIG. 1 could be optimum butfor the excessive bias current required from the bias voltage sourceVbias 106. The modified active bias circuit 500 includes a resistor R2added to the emitter of the active bias circuit transistor 202 to reduceor minimize any gain expansion produced by the modified active biascircuit 500. Preferably, resistor R2 is selected to achieve maximumlinearity and efficiency about a desired operating point for thetransistor amplifier 102.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating a modified buffered passivebias circuit 600 according to one embodiment of the present invention.The modified passive bias circuit 600 allows adjustments to the biasimpedance and a degree of temperature compensation via resistors R2 andR3. Preferably, resistors R2 and R3 are adjusted to maximize transistoramplifier 102 operating efficiency and linearity with minimal quiescentbias current demands upon the bias circuit voltage source 602.

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating a modified current mirrorbias circuit 700 according to one embodiment of the present invention.The modified current mirror bias circuit 700 allows adjustments to thebias impedance and a degree of temperature compensation via resistorsR1, R2 and R3. For example, resistors R2 and R3 allow adjustments in thetemperature compensation characteristics associated with the transistoramplifier 102 while resistors R1, R3 and to a lessor extent R2, allinteract to affect the bias circuit impedance. Preferably, resistors R1,R2 and R3 are adjusted to maximize linearity and operating efficiencywith minimal quiescent bias current demands upon the modified currentmirror bias circuit voltage source 702.

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating another modified currentmirror bias circuit 800 according to one embodiment of the presentinvention. The impedance of the modified current mirror bias circuit 800can be increased via addition of an inductor L1 to the emitter of themodified current mirror bias transistor 802. Chip area is important whenusing a monolithic power amplifier. Therefore, it is preferable toprovide a connection for use with an external inductor when the modifiedcurrent mirror bias circuit 800 is used in association with a monolithicpower amplifier.

FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram illustrating a bias network 900 accordingto one preferred embodiment of the present invention. The bias network900 has a modified buffered passive circuit 902 and a modified currentmirror bias circuit 904. The modified buffered passive bias circuit 902provides a predetermined amount of temperature compensation whileattributing to minimization of current drain requirements associatedwith the bias circuit voltage source Vbias 906. The modified currentmirror bias circuit 904 aids in the temperature compensation and inreducing the level of quiescent current associated with the transistoramplifier 102. The impedance of the bias network 900 is adjusted throughresistors R2, R3, R4 and to a lessor extent resistor R5. The resistor R6generally provides bias ballast for the transistor amplifier 102 and istypically too small to provide linearity improvements when used inassociation with the bias network 900. The bias network 900 allowsgreater flexibility than known bias circuits in providing a bias currentsource capable of achieving design constraints necessary to create alinear amplifier having superior AM-to-AM performance and temperaturecompensation.

FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram illustrating another bias network 1000according to another embodiment of the present invention. The biasnetwork 1000 is similar to the bias network 900 illustrated in FIG. 9,except the bias voltage source Vbias 1002 is combined with a pair ofdiode connected transistors 1004 to generate a desired bias voltage onthe integrated circuit (IC) chip. This embodiment is not so limitedhowever, and it shall be understood that a desired bias voltage can alsobe generated by replacing the pair of diode connected transistors 1004with a single transistor, one or more diodes, or combinations thereof.One or more resistors can also be combined with the transistor(s) and/ordiode(s) to more particularly refine the desired bias voltagecharacteristics.

FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram illustrating a buffered passive biascircuit 1100 that is known in the art. The bias circuit 1100 uses twodiode connected transistors 1102 to provide a temperature variablereference voltage. Other implementations of the bias circuit 1100 knownin the art employ a single transistor in combination with a resistor toprovide a reference voltage. As stated above, a classic buffered passivebias circuit such as circuit 1100 tends to produce undesirable gainexpansion under some circumstance when used to bias a linear amplifier.One embodiment of the present invention minimizes undesirable gainexpansion by adding a properly sized resistor to the emitter of theactive transistor associated with the buffered passive bias circuit suchas illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6. The newly added emitter resistoroperates to improve linearity by strategically maximizing the biascircuit impedance at a desired operating point.

FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram illustrating a modified buffered passivebias circuit 1200 according to one embodiment of the present invention.The bias circuit 1200 is like the bias circuit 1100 shown in FIG. 11,except an additional impedance adjustment resistor 1202 is added to theemitter of the bias circuit transistor 1204 to improve linearity byminimizing gain expansion as stated above. Although the modifiedbuffered passive bias circuit 1200 is an improvement over classicbuffered passive bias schemes known in the art, a more preferred schemeuses any of the bias networks shown in FIGS. 9 and 10. As stated above,improvements in linearity and operating efficiency can be obtained whenusing a combination of resistive biasing, active biasing and currentmirror biasing. This combination of bias schemes can therefore be usedin combination with a linear amplifier to provide a linear amplifierwith superior linearity and operating efficiency when contrasted withknown bias schemes.

FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram illustrating a bias network 1300according to another embodiment of the present invention. The biasnetwork 1300 is similar to the bias network 1000 illustrated in FIG. 10,except the bias voltage source Vbias 1004 is formulated with a pair ofdiode connected transistors 1004 and a series resistor 1302 to generatea desired bias voltage on the integrated circuit (IC) chip. Thoseskilled in the art shall readily appreciate that a desired bias voltagecan also be generated by replacing the pair of diode connectedtransistors 1004 with a single transistor, more than two transistors,one or more diodes, or combinations thereof. More than a single seriesresistor can also be combined with the transistor(s) and/or diode(s) tomore particularly refine the desired bias voltage characteristics. Thebias network 1300 is optionally coupled to ground via an inductor 1304that functions to alter the AC impedance characteristics of the biasnetwork 1300.

Certain modifications and improvements will occur to those skilled inthe art upon a reading of the foregoing description. By way of example,just as the inventive embodiments disclosed herein describe specificcombinations of bias networks, different combinations are possible withreduced, but yet superior performance over classic bias networks knownin the art. The present invention is also useful in combination withmany other types of circuits beyond merely linear amplifiers. Further,the present invention can be constructed using various combinations ofthe circuit elements, so long as the requisite resistor(s) and/orinductor(s) are present to tailor the impedance of the particular biasnetwork. It should be understood that all such modifications andimprovements have been deleted herein for the sake of conciseness andreadability but are properly within the scope of the following claims.

We claim:
 1. A linear amplifier bias network comprising: a radiofrequency bipolar junction transistor having a base, collector andemitter; a capacitor having one end coupled to the base of the radiofrequency bipolar junction transistor and having an opposite endconfigured to receive a radio frequency input signal; a ground node; asecond bipolar junction transistor having a base, collector and emitter,wherein the base of the second bipolar junction transistor is coupled tothe collector of the second bipolar junction transistor and furtherwherein the base of the second bipolar junction transistor is coupled tothe base of the radio frequency bipolar junction transistor; a firstresistor having one end coupled to a bias voltage source and having asecond end coupled to the collector of the second bipolar junctiontransistor; and a first inductor having one end coupled to the emitterof the second bipolar junction transistor and having an opposite endcoupled to the ground node; wherein a combination of impedance valuesfor the first resistor and the first inductor is capable of adjusting abias impedance associated with the bias network such that the biasnetwork can achieve a desired temperature compensation characteristicand further such that the bias network can achieve a desired level ofquiescent current associated with the radio frequency bipolar junctiontransistor.
 2. The linear amplifier bias network according to claim 1further comprising: a third bipolar junction transistor having a base,collector and emitter, wherein the collector of the third bipolarjunction transistor is coupled to a dc supply voltage; a second resistorhaving one end coupled to the base of the third bipolar junctiontransistor and having an opposite end coupled to the bias voltagesupply; and a third resistor having one end coupled to the emitter ofthe third bipolar junction transistor and having an opposite end coupledto the collector of the second bipolar junction transistor, wherein acombination of impedance values for the inductor and resistance valuesfor the first, second and third resistors are capable of adjusting abias impedance associated with the bias network such that the biasnetwork can achieve a desired temperature compensation characteristicand further such that the bias network can achieve a desired level ofquiescent current associated with the radio frequency bipolar junctiontransistor.
 3. The linear amplifier bias network according to claim 2wherein any single resistor selected from the group consisting of thefirst, second and third resistors is configured to have zero resistance.4. The linear amplifier bias network according to claim 1 wherein thebias voltage source comprises a resistor/diode network coupled to asupply voltage and configured to generate a desired reference supplyvoltage.
 5. The linear amplifier bias network according to claim 5wherein the bias voltage source comprises: a diode network; and aresistor having a first end coupled to a supply voltage and having anopposite end coupled to the diode network such that a predeterminedvoltage drop is achieved across the diode network relative to the groundnode to produce a desired bias voltage for the linear amplifier biasnetwork.
 6. The linear amplifier bias network according to claim 5wherein the diode network includes a series resistor.
 7. The linearamplifier bias network according to claim 6 further comprising a secondinductor having a first end coupled to the ground node and furtherhaving an opposite end coupled to the diode network such that a portionof the diode network is coupled to the ground node solely through thesecond inductor.
 8. The linear amplifier bias network according to claim6 wherein the diode network is coupled to the first inductor such that aportion of the diode network is coupled to the ground node solelythrough the first inductor.
 9. The linear amplifier bias networkaccording to claim 1 wherein the bias voltage source comprises: atransistor network configured as a diode network; and a resistor havinga first end coupled to a supply voltage and having an opposite endcoupled to the transistor network such that a predetermined voltage dropis achieved across the transistor network relative to the ground node toproduce a desired supply reference voltage for the linear amplifier biasnetwork.
 10. The linear amplifier bias network according to claim 9wherein the transistor network comprises a plurality of bipolar junctiontransistors and a series resistor.
 11. The linear amplifier bias networkaccording to claim 10 further comprising a second inductor having afirst end coupled to the ground node and further having an opposite endcoupled to the transistor network such that a portion of the transistornetwork is coupled to the ground node solely through the secondinductor.
 12. The linear amplifier bias network according to claim 10wherein the transistor network is coupled to the first inductor suchthat a portion of the transistor network is coupled to the ground nodesolely through the first inductor.